- Introduction
- Getting Started
- Data Ingestion
- Data Loading
- Loading Data in a Database Destination
- Loading Data to a Data Warehouse
- Optimizing Data Loading for a Destination Warehouse
- Manually Triggering the Loading of Events
- Scheduling Data Load for a Destination
- Loading Events in Batches
- Data Loading Statuses
- Data Spike Alerts
- Name Sanitization
- Table and Column Name Compression
- Parsing Nested JSON Fields in Events
- Pipelines
- Data Flow in a Pipeline
- Familiarizing with the Pipelines UI
- Working with Pipelines
- Pipeline Objects
-
Transformations
- Python Code-Based Transformations
-
Drag and Drop Transformations
- Special Keywords
-
Transformation Blocks and Properties
- Add a Field
- Change Datetime Field Values
- Change Field Values
- Drop Events
- Drop Fields
- Find & Replace
- Flatten JSON
- Format Date to String
- Format Number to String
- Hash Fields
- If-Else
- Mask Fields
- Modify Text Casing
- Parse Date from String
- Parse JSON from String
- Parse Number from String
- Rename Events
- Rename Fields
- Round-off Decimal Fields
- Split Fields
- Examples of Drag and Drop Transformations
- Effect of Transformations on the Destination Table Structure
- Transformation Reference
- Transformation FAQs
-
Schema Mapper
- Using Schema Mapper
- Mapping Statuses
- Auto Mapping Event Types
- Mapping a Source Event Type Field with a Destination Table Column
- Modifying Schema Mapping for Event Types
- Schema Mapper Actions
- Fixing Unmapped Fields
- Resolving Incompatible Schema Mappings
- Resizing String Columns in the Destination
- Schema Mapper Compatibility Table
- Troubleshooting Failed Events in a Pipeline
- Mismatch in Events Count in Source and Destination
-
Pipeline FAQs
- Does creation of Pipeline incur cost?
- Why are my new Pipelines in trial?
- Can multiple Sources connect to one Destination?
- Is my data stored after I delete a Pipeline?
- What happens if I re-create a deleted Pipeline?
- When should I pause vs delete my Pipeline?
- Why am I getting warnings while adding Pipelines?
- Why is there a delay in my Pipeline?
- Can I delete skipped objects in a Pipeline?
- How do I disable Auto Mapping?
- How do I change the ingestion frequency for tables?
- Can I change the Destination post-Pipeline creation?
- How do I change the query mode for my Pipelines?
- How does changing the query mode affect data ingestion?
- Why is my billable Events high with Delta Timestamp mode?
- How does the timing of Change Schedule work?
- Can I drop multiple Destination tables in a Pipeline at once?
- How does Run Now affect scheduled ingestion frequency?
- Will pausing some objects increase the ingestion speed?
- Can I sort Event Types listed in the Schema Mapper?
- How do I include new tables in the Pipeline?
- Can I see the historical load progress?
- Why is my Historical Load Progress still at 0%?
- Why is the historical data not getting ingested?
- How do I restart the historical load for all the objects?
- How do I set a field as a primary key?
- How can I load only filtered Events to the Destination?
- How do I ensure that records are loaded only once?
- Why do the Source and the Destination events count differ?
- How can I transfer Excel files using Hevo?
- How can I load an XML file from an S3 folder?
- Events Usage
- Sources
- Free Sources
-
Databases and File Systems
- Data Warehouses
-
Databases
- Connecting to a Local Database
- Amazon DocumentDB
- Amazon DynamoDB
- Elasticsearch
-
MongoDB
- Generic MongoDB
- MongoDB Atlas
- Support for Multiple Data Types for the _id Field
- Example - Merge Collections Feature
-
Troubleshooting MongoDB
-
Errors During Pipeline Creation
- Error 1001 - Incorrect credentials
- Error 1005 - Connection timeout
- Error 1006 - Invalid database hostname
- Error 1007 - SSH connection failed
- Error 1008 - Database unreachable
- Error 1011 - Insufficient access
- Error 1028 - Primary/Master host needed for OpLog
- Error 1029 - Version not supported for Change Streams
- SSL 1009 - SSL Connection Failure
- Troubleshooting MongoDB Change Streams Connection
- Troubleshooting MongoDB OpLog Connection
-
Errors During Pipeline Creation
- SQL Server
-
MySQL
- Amazon Aurora MySQL
- Amazon RDS MySQL
- Azure MySQL
- Google Cloud MySQL
- Generic MySQL
- MariaDB MySQL
-
Troubleshooting MySQL
-
Errors During Pipeline Creation
- Error 1003 - Connection to host failed
- Error 1006 - Connection to host failed
- Error 1007 - SSH connection failed
- Error 1011 - Access denied
- Error 1012 - Replication access denied
- Error 1017 - Connection to host failed
- Error 1026 - Failed to connect to database
- Error 1027 - Unsupported BinLog format
- Failed to determine binlog filename/position
- Schema 'xyz' is not tracked via bin logs
- Errors Post-Pipeline Creation
-
Errors During Pipeline Creation
- MySQL FAQs
- Oracle
-
PostgreSQL
- Amazon Aurora PostgreSQL
- Amazon RDS PostgreSQL
- Azure PostgreSQL
- Google Cloud PostgreSQL
- Generic PostgreSQL
- Heroku PostgreSQL
-
Troubleshooting PostgreSQL
-
Errors during Pipeline creation
- Error 1003 - Authentication failure
- Error 1006 - Connection settings errors
- Error 1011 - Access role issue for logical replication
- Error 1012 - Access role issue for logical replication
- Error 1014 - Database does not exist
- Error 1017 - Connection settings errors
- Error 1023 - No pg_hba.conf entry
- Error 1024 - Number of requested standby connections
- Errors Post-Pipeline Creation
-
Errors during Pipeline creation
- PostgreSQL FAQs
- Troubleshooting Database Sources
- File Storage
-
Engineering Analytics
- Apify
- Asana
- GitHub
-
Streaming
- Android SDK
- Kafka
-
REST API
- Writing JSONPath Expressions
-
REST API FAQs
- Why does my REST API token keep changing?
- Is it possible to use a Bearer Authorization token?
- Does Hevo’s REST API support API chaining?
- What is the maximum payload size returned by a REST API?
- How do I split an Event into multiple Event Types?
- How do I split multiple values in a key into separate Events?
- Webhook
- Jira Cloud
- Opsgenie
- PagerDuty
- Pingdom
- Trello
- Finance & Accounting Analytics
-
Marketing Analytics
- ActiveCampaign
- AdRoll
- Apple Search Ads
- AppsFlyer
- CleverTap
- Criteo
- Drip
- Facebook Ads
- Facebook Page Insights
- Freshsales
- Google Campaign Manager
- Google Ads
- Google Analytics
- Google Analytics 4
- Google Analytics 360
- Google Play Console
- Google Search Console
- HubSpot
- Instagram Business
- Klaviyo
- Lemlist
- LinkedIn Ads
- Mailchimp
- Mailshake
- Marketo
- Microsoft Advertising
- Onfleet
- Outbrain
- Pardot
- Pinterest Ads
- Pipedrive
- Recharge
- Segment
- SendGrid Webhook
- SendGrid
- Salesforce Marketing Cloud
- Snapchat Ads
- SurveyMonkey
- Taboola
- TikTok Ads
- Twitter Ads
- Typeform
- YouTube Analytics
- Product Analytics
- Sales & Support Analytics
-
Source FAQs
- From how far back can the Pipeline ingest data?
- What is a free Source?
- Why am I unable to modify my OAuth Source connection settings?
- Can I connect to a Source not listed in Hevo?
- Can I connect a local database as a Source?
- How can I push data to Hevo API?
- How do I connect a CSV file as a Source?
- Which file formats are supported by file storage-based Sources?
- Why are my selected Source objects not visible in the Schema Mapper?
- How does the Merge Table feature work?
- Destinations
- Familiarizing with the Destinations UI
- Databases
-
Data Warehouses
- Amazon Redshift
- Databricks
- Firebolt
- Hevo Managed Google BigQuery
- Google BigQuery
- Snowflake
-
Destination FAQs
- Can I create a Destination through API?
- Can I move data between SaaS applications using Hevo?
- Can I change the primary key in my Destination table?
- How do I change the data type of table columns?
- Can I change the Destination table name after creating the Pipeline?
- How can I change or delete the Destination table prefix?
- How do I resolve duplicate records in the Destination table?
- How do I enable or disable deduplication of records?
- Why does my Destination have deleted Source records?
- How do I filter deleted Events from the Destination?
- Does a data load regenerate deleted Hevo metadata columns?
- Can I load data to a specific Destination table?
- How do I filter out specific fields before loading data?
- How do I sort the data in the Destination?
- Transform
- Alerts
- Account Management
- Personal Settings
- Team Settings
-
Billing
- Pricing Plans
- Time-based Events Buffer
- Setting up Pricing Plans, Billing, and Payments
- On-Demand Purchases
- Billing Alerts
- Viewing Billing History
- Billing Notifications
-
Billing FAQs
- Can I try Hevo for free?
- Can I get a plan apart from the Starter plan?
- Are free trial Events charged once I purchase a plan?
- For how long can I stay on the Free plan?
- When will I be charged for my subscription?
- How can I upgrade my plan?
- Is there a discount for non-profit organizations?
- Can I seek a refund of my payment?
- Do ingested Events count towards billing?
- Will Pipeline get paused if I exceed the Events quota?
- What is a free Source?
- Will the initial load of data be free?
- Does the Hevo plan support multiple Destinations?
- Do rows loaded through Models count in my usage?
- Is Hevo subscription environment-specific?
- Can I pause billing if I have no active Pipelines?
- What are the payment methods available in Hevo?
- Can you explain the pricing plans in Hevo?
- Where do I get invoices for payments?
- Is my billing information removed upon account deletion?
- Account Suspension and Restoration
- Account Management FAQs
- Activate
- Glossary
- Release Notes
- Release Version 2.06
- Release Version 2.05
- Release Version 2.04
- Release Version 2.03
- Release Version 2.02
- Release Version 2.01
- Release Version 2.00
- Release Version 1.99
- Release Version 1.98
- Release Version 1.97
- Release Version 1.96
- Release Version 1.95
- Release Version 1.93 & 1.94
- Release Version 1.92
- Release Version 1.91
- Release Version 1.90
- Release Version 1.89
- Release Version 1.88
- Release Version 1.87
- Release Version 1.86
- Release Version 1.84 & 1.85
- Release Version 1.83
- Release Version 1.82
- Release Version 1.81
- Release Version 1.80 (Jan-24-2022)
- Release Version 1.79 (Jan-03-2022)
- Release Version 1.78 (Dec-20-2021)
- Release Version 1.77 (Dec-06-2021)
- Release Version 1.76 (Nov-22-2021)
- Release Version 1.75 (Nov-09-2021)
- Release Version 1.74 (Oct-25-2021)
- Release Version 1.73 (Oct-04-2021)
- Release Version 1.72 (Sep-20-2021)
- Release Version 1.71 (Sep-09-2021)
- Release Version 1.70 (Aug-23-2021)
- Release Version 1.69 (Aug-09-2021)
- Release Version 1.68 (Jul-26-2021)
- Release Version 1.67 (Jul-12-2021)
- Release Version 1.66 (Jun-28-2021)
- Release Version 1.65 (Jun-14-2021)
- Release Version 1.64 (Jun-01-2021)
- Release Version 1.63 (May-19-2021)
- Release Version 1.62 (May-05-2021)
- Release Version 1.61 (Apr-20-2021)
- Release Version 1.60 (Apr-06-2021)
- Release Version 1.59 (Mar-23-2021)
- Release Version 1.58 (Mar-09-2021)
- Release Version 1.57 (Feb-22-2021)
- Release Version 1.56 (Feb-09-2021)
- Release Version 1.55 (Jan-25-2021)
- Release Version 1.54 (Jan-12-2021)
- Release Version 1.53 (Dec-22-2020)
- Release Version 1.52 (Dec-03-2020)
- Release Version 1.51 (Nov-10-2020)
- Release Version 1.50 (Oct-19-2020)
- Release Version 1.49 (Sep-28-2020)
- Release Version 1.48 (Sep-01-2020)
- Release Version 1.47 (Aug-06-2020)
- Release Version 1.46 (Jul-21-2020)
- Release Version 1.45 (Jul-02-2020)
- Release Version 1.44 (Jun-11-2020)
- Release Version 1.43 (May-15-2020)
- Release Version 1.42 (Apr-30-2020)
- Release Version 1.41 (Apr-2020)
- Release Version 1.40 (Mar-2020)
- Release Version 1.39 (Feb-2020)
- Release Version 1.38 (Jan-2020)
- Upcoming Features
PostgreSQL
On This Page
- Prerequisites
- Installing PostgreSQL (Optional)
- Creating a Database Cluster and Database (Optional)
- Create a Database User and Grant Privileges
- Add Destination
- Select the Destination Type
- Configure PostgreSQL Connection Settings
- Test Connection
- Save Connection
- Destination Considerations
- Limitations
- Revision History
PostgreSQL is a powerful, open source object-relational database system that uses the SQL language combined with many features that safely store and scale complicated data workloads. PostgreSQL is compatible with all major operating systems.
Hevo can load data from any of your Pipelines into a PostgreSQL database. Follow the steps in this page to add PostgreSQL as a Destination.
If you are new to PostgreSQL, you can follow the steps listed below to install and set up a PostgreSQL instance, and then create a database to which the Hevo Pipeline must load the data. You can also create users and grant them the necessary permissions to set up and manage the PostgreSQL databases.
Prerequisites
-
The IP address or hostname and port of your PostgreSQL server are available. If you do not have these details, you can obtain them from the PostgreSQL server administrator.
-
The necessary privileges are granted on the database to your database user.
Installing PostgreSQL (Optional)
Before you can use PostgreSQL you need to install it. It is possible that PostgreSQL is already installed in the system, either because it was included in your operating system distribution or because the system administrator already installed it.
To verify if PostgreSQL is already installed, run the following command in the Terminal window:
systemctl status postgresql
The expected response when PostgreSQL is:
-
Installed:
Active: active
-
Not installed:
Unit postgresql.service could not be found
If PostgreSQL is not already available, you can install it yourself. This does not require superuser (root) access.
PostgreSQL is available as binary packages for most common operating systems. This is the recommended way to install PostgreSQL. For an updated list of platforms providing binary packages, please visit the Download section on the PostgreSQL website at PostgreSQL: Downloads and follow the instructions for your specific platform.
Note: This section explains how to install PostgreSQL on a Linux machine running Ubuntu.
-
Open the Terminal window on your machine.
-
Enter the following commands:
sudo sh -c 'echo "deb http://apt.postgresql.org/pub/repos/apt $(lsb_release -cs)-pgdg main" > /etc/apt/sources.list.d/pgdg.list' wget --quiet -O - https://www.postgresql.org/media/keys/ACCC4CF8.asc | sudo apt-key add - sudo apt-get update sudo apt-get -y install postgresql
This installs the PostgreSQL server on your machine and creates a postgres user.
Creating a Database Cluster and Database (Optional)
A database cluster is a single directory where all your data is stored. You can choose the location of the directory.
Perform the following steps to create (initialize) the database cluster:
-
Log in to your PostgreSQL server as the
postgres
user created in step 1. -
Enter the following command to create the database cluster. The -D option allows you to specify where the database cluster should be stored.
$ initdb -D /usr/local/pgsql/data
Note: The initdb
command attempts to create the directory you specify if it does not already exist. This fails if initdb does not have permissions to write in the parent directory. It is recommended that the PostgreSQL user own not just the data directory but its parent directory as well. If the desired parent directory does not exist, you need to create it first, using root privileges. To do this, enter the following commands:
root# mkdir /usr/local/pgsql
root# chown postgres /usr/local/pgsql
root# su postgres 4$ initdb -D /usr/local/pgsql/data
When a cluster is created, a database named postgres
is created by default, which is used by utilities, users, and third-party applications. You can use this database instance to set up the Destination.
Create a Database User and Grant Privileges
1. Create a database user
Perform the following steps to create the database user in your PostgreSQL database:
-
Log in to your PostgreSQL server as a Superuser using an SQL client, such as
psql
. -
Enter the following command:
CREATE USER <user_name> WITH PASSWORD '<strong password>';
Note: Replace the placeholder values in the command given above with your own.
2. Grant privileges to the user
-
Log in to your PostgreSQL server as a Superuser using an SQL client, such as
psql
. -
Run the following commands to grant the required privileges to the database user, to create the database objects needed to load and store your data:
GRANT CREATE, TEMPORARY ON DATABASE <database_name> TO <user_name>; GRANT CREATE, USAGE ON SCHEMA <schema_name> to <user_name>;
Note: Replace the placeholder values in the commands given above with your own.
Add Destination
Do one of the following:
-
After you configure the Source during Pipeline creation, click ADD DESTINATION.
-
Click DESTINATIONS in the Asset Palette, and then, in the Destinations List View, click + CREATE.
Select the Destination Type
In the Add Destination page, select PostgreSQL.
Alternatively, use the Search Destination Type search box to search for the Destination.
Configure PostgreSQL Connection Settings
Specify the following settings in the Configure your PostgreSQL Destination page:
-
Destination Name: A unique name for your Destination.
-
Database Host: The PostgreSQL host’s IP address or DNS.
-
Database Port: The port number on which your PostgreSQL server listens for connections. Default value: 5432.
-
Database User: A user with a non-administrative role in the PostgreSQL database.
-
Database Password: The password of the database user.
-
Database Name: The name of the Destination database to which the data is loaded.
-
Database Schema: The name of the Destination database schema. Default value: public.
-
Additional Settings:
-
Connect through SSH: Enable this option to connect to Hevo using an SSH tunnel, instead of directly connecting your PostgreSQL database host to Hevo. This provides an additional level of security to your database by not exposing your PostgreSQL setup to the public. Read Connecting Through SSH.
If this option is disabled, you must whitelist Hevo’s IP addresses. You can refer to the PostgreSQL Source documentation pages for the steps to whitelist the IP addresses of your region for your PostgreSQL variant.
-
Use SSL: Enable this option to use an SSL-encrypted connection. Specify the following:
-
CA File: The file containing the SSL server certificate authority (CA).
-
Client Certificate: The client public key certificate file.
-
Client Key: The client private key file.
For the steps to create the required files and keys, read PostgreSQL
-
-
Sanitize Table/Column Names?: Enable this option to remove all non-alphanumeric characters and spaces in a table or column name, and replace them with an underscore (_). Read Name Sanitization.
-
Test Connection
After filling the details, click on TEST CONNECTION to test connectivity to the Destination Postgres server.
Save Connection
Once the test is successful, save the connection by clicking on SAVE & CONTINUE.
Additional Information
Read the detailed Hevo documentation for the following related topics:
Destination Considerations
-
You must disable any foreign keys defined in the target tables. Foreign keys do not allow data to be loaded until the reference table has a corresponding key defined.
-
You can replicate data for only 1594 columns in a given PostgreSQL table. Read Limits on the Number of Columns.
Limitations
None.
Revision History
Refer to the following table for the list of key updates made to this page:
Date | Release | Description of Change |
---|---|---|
Jan-10-2023 | 2.05 | Added sections, Installing PostgreSQL and Creating a Database Cluster and Database to help set up a PostgreSQL Destination. |
Sep-07-2022 | NA | Updated the Prerequisites section and added the Create a Database User and Grant Privileges section. |
Feb-21-2022 | 1.82 | Updated section, Configure PostgreSQL Connection Settings to provide support for SSL in PostgreSQL as a Destination. |
Jul-12-2021 | NA | Updated section, Destination Considerations. |